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The ''Grammata Serica Recensa'' is a dictionary of Old Chinese published by the Swedish sinologist Bernard Karlgren in 1957. Bernard Karlgren made fundamental contributions to the study of the phonology of Middle and Old Chinese, which he called Ancient and Archaic Chinese respectively. In the course of his study of the sound system of Old Chinese, Karlgren focused on the clues provided by phono-semantic compound characters. His "homorganic principle", that the initials of characters sharing a phonetic component had a common point of articulation, has been central to subsequent studies of Old Chinese. In 1923 he published his ''Analytic dictionary'' of Middle Chinese, grouping characters by phonetic series and drawing inferences about Old Chinese sounds. An expanded dictionary including Karlgren's reconstructions in Old Chinese, the ''Grammata Serica'', appeared in 1940. An extensive revision, the ''Grammata Serica Recensa'' appeared in 1957, including the results of Karlgren's studies of pre-Han texts, as well as indicating tones, which were omitted in the first version.〔Karlgren (1957), pp. 1–2.〕 Although Karlgren's Old Chinese reconstructions have been superseded, his comprehensive dictionary remains a valuable reference for students of Old Chinese. As late as 1998 it was described as "the only good Chinese–English dictionary of Classical Chinese". Supplements to the GSR continue to appear, remedying such defects as the limited indexing and obsolete reconstructions. The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) project uses an electronic form of the GSR and has donated a mapping to Unicode, which is now included in the Unicode dataset. == Organization == Each numbered entry consists of a series of characters with a common phonetic element. Characters within each entry are labelled by lowercase letters (excluding "w"), supplemented with prime symbols as required. Some of these are ancient variant forms. Each distinct character is given with pronunciation in Old Chinese, Middle Chinese and Modern Standard Chinese, as well as definitions from ancient sources. An example entry is (In the original the characters are handwritten at the top of each page separately from the text.) Tones (omitted in the earlier ''Grammata Serica'') are indicated in the Middle Chinese form by appending ":" (rising tone) or "-" (departing tone), with the level and entering tones unmarked. The names of texts containing the various uses are abbreviated, here Shï for ''Shijing'', ''Lunyü'' (''The Analects''), Tso for ''Zuo Zhuan'', Shu for ''Shujing'' and Yi for ''I Ching''. These entries are grouped according to the rhyme groups extracted by traditional Chinese scholarship from the rhyming practice of the ''Shijing'', in accordance with the observation of Duan Yucai that characters in the same phonetic series fell in the same rhyme group. The radical index covers only the head character in each entry. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Grammata Serica Recensa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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